More information about Irrigation

More information about Irrigation

Record 1 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 2000/08-2001/07

TI: Effects of salinity and indole acetic acid on growth and mineral content of date palm seedlings.
AU: Aljuburi-HJ; Al-Masry-HH
SO: Fruits-Paris. 2000, 55: 5, 315-323; 24 ref.
LA: English
LS: Spanish, French
AB: Salinity in irrigation water is a serious problem for agriculture in the Arabian Gulf States. Irrigation with saline water depresses growth and productivity of date palm trees. An experiment was conducted at the United Arab Emirates University, in Al-Ain, to study the effect of saline water on growth properties and mineral contents of date palm (cv. Lulu) seedlings. Effects of salt alone (16 or 26 g/litre) or in combination with IAA (150 or 200 mg/litre) added to the irrigation water were studied. After the treatment application, growth characteristics and leaf, stem and root mineral concentrations were measured. The salinity in the irrigation water reduced the leaf number per seedling, increased the leaf and stem dry matter percentage, and the Na concentration in leaves, stems and roots. There was no consistent effect of salts or IAA added to the irrigation water on N, P, K, Mn, Zn and Fe concentrations of leaves, stems and roots. The Na concentration gradually decreased from roots to leaves for most treatments. Compared to saline water used alone, irrigation of date palm seedlings with water supplemented with IAA + salts reduced the adverse effects of salinity by reducing Na accumulation in leaves and stems of Lulu seedlings.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20003011277

Record 2 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 2000/08-2001/07

TI: Digital image analysis of root distribution towards improved irrigation water and soil management: grapevine and date palm study cases.
AU: Bassoi-LH; Moura-e-Silva-JA; Alencar-CM-de; Jorge-LA-de-C; Hopmans-JW
SO: 2000-ASAE-Annual-International-Meeting,-Milwaukee,-Wisconsin,-USA,-9-12-July-2000. 2000, 1-6; ASAE Paper No. 002032; 15 ref.
PB: American Society of Agricultural Engineers; St Joseph; USA
LA: English
AB: Two case studies were presented which study root analysis of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by digital image analysis under laboratory and field conditions in Brazil. Correlation between root parameters and their fractional distribution over the soil profile were obtained, as well as the root diameter estimation. Results have shown the feasibility of digital image analysis for evaluation of root distribution.
PT: Bulletin-article; Conference-paper
AN: 20003017018

Record 3 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 2000/08-2001/07

TI: Growing date palms.
OT: Cultiver le palmier-dattier.
AU: Peyron-G
SO: 2000, 0-110 pp.; 20 ref.
PB: Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD); Montpellier; France
LA: French
LS: English
AB: This is an illustrated manual for training and extension workers. It is an introduction to the biology, cultivation and production of date palm and includes a step by step guide for setting up a date palm plantation. It provides practical advice about every stage of cultivation: propagation, planting, irrigation, drainage, fertilizer application, pruning, pollination, date harvesting and crop protection.
PT: Book
IB: 2-87614-399-2
AN: 20000313390

Record 4 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 2000/08-2001/07

TI: Diseases of the date palm: present status and future prospects.
AU: Djerbi-M
SO: Proceedings of the international conference on integrated pest management, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, 23-25 February, 1998. Sultan-Qaboos-University-Journal-for-Scientific-Research -Agricultural-Sciences. 1998, 3: 103-114; 75 ref.
LA: English
LS: Arabic
AB: While date palm is affected by many diseases, bayoud remains the most serious. It is caused by the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis. It has affected nearly all Moroccan palm groves as well as those of western and central Algerian Sahara; it has killed more than 12 million in Morocco and 3 million in Algeria and has accelerated desertification. External and internal symptoms as well as identification methods of F. o. f.sp. albedinis by pathogenicity test, cultural characteristics, and vegetative compatibility are reviewed and discussed. Small distance contamination occurs by root contact between trees, and at large distances through the movement of contaminated planting material (offshoots, symptomless carriers) and infested soil and irrigation water. Prophylactic measures as well as chemical, cultural, biological and genetic controls are reviewed. It appears that the most productive means lies in research into resistant cultivars. Hundreds of genotypes have been selected and introduced for micropropagation and planted in infested areas to rehabilitate date palm oases ravaged by bayoud. Among other date palm diseases, khamedj (Mauginiella scaettae), fruit rot (due to numerous fungi), black scorch (Thielaviopsis paradoxa [Ceratocystis paradoxa]) and belaat (Phytophthora sp.), are of minor importance and of sporadic occurrence. However, they become serious and cause heavy losses under favourable conditions and when proper sanitation is not applied. Two serious and fatal diseases of unknown causes (Al-Wijam and the brittle leaf disease) as well as many other diseases and physiological disorders of minor importance are also reviewed.
PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article
AN: 20001009391

Record 5 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Seasonal water use of date palms in the central region of Saudi Arabia.
AU: Al-Amoud-AI; Bacha-MA; Al-Darby-AM
SO: International-Agricultural-Engineering-Journal. 2000, 9: 2, 51-62; 15 ref.
LA: English
AB: A field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of date palm trees, cv. Seleg, to different water regimes (50, 100 and 150% of pan evaporation rate), using 3 irrigation methods: basin, bubbler and trickle irrigation systems. The study was conducted during 4 successive years (1991-1994). The results of this study demonstrated the general trend of yield increase as irrigation quantity increases. The maximum yield was produced from palm trees irrigated with the trickle irrigation system followed by the basin method. The water use efficiency was the maximum for trickle irrigated plots followed by the basin plots.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 20002402098

Record 6 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Palms in oasis agriculture in Tafilalet.
OT: Le palmier dans l'agriculture oasienne du Tafilalet.
AU: N'-Ait-M'-Barek-A; Ferry-M-Bedrani-S (ed.); Greiner-D
SO: Agroeconomie-des-oasis. 1999, 83-93; 9 ref.
PB: Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement (CIRAD); Montpellier; France
LA: French
LS: English
AB: It is noted that agriculture in Tafilalet, Morocco, is practiced in a string of oasis pockets located along water streams. The crop rotation in this region covers a cultivable land of 50thin000 ha, the majority being cereals (70%) and Lucerne (14%). Fruit arboriculture takes up a preponderant position in this land occupation: the date palm tree comes in first place, with more or less 50% of the arboreal patrimony. Considering the irrigation water shortage and climate severity, the palm tree is associated to other crops (other fruit trees and low crops). On the other hand, the systems of existing cultivation are run with the livestock which form a whole, harmonious and complementary. In spite of the diversity of the Tafilalet oasis agriculture, the palm tree is the main crop in the income of farms with date palm, with a contribution of 40%-60%. In addition to this, the palm tree creates a micro climate suitable to the development of the subjacent farming, reducing the ill fated effects of violent winds and intense hours of sunshine.
PT: Book-chapter
IB: 2-87614-365-8
AN: 20001807338

Record 7 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Seasonal water use of seleg date palms in Saudi Arabia.
AU: Al-Amoud-AI; Bacha-MA; Al-Darby-AM
SO: ASAE-CSAE-SCGR Annual International Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 18-21 July, 1999. 1999, 14 pp.; ASAE Paper No. 992175; 14 ref.
PB: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE); St Joseph; USA
LA: English
AB: An experiment was carried out to study the response of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) cultivar Seleg to different water regimes (50%E, 100%E and 150%E) using three irrigation methods (basin, bubbler and trickle irrigation systems). The study was conducted during 1991-94 at the College of Agriculture Experimental station at Dirab near Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Crop water use and the response of date palm to the different irrigation methods was monitored. The results demonstrated a general trend of yield increase as irrigation quantity increased. The maximum yield was produced from palm trees irrigated by a drip irrigation system followed by the basin method. Water use efficiency was maximum for drip irrigated plots followed by the basin plots.
PT: Conference-paper
AN: 19990312116

Record 8 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Effect of water salinity on Thielaviopsis paradoxa and growth of date palm seedlings.
AU: Al-Rokibah-AA; Abdalla-MY; El-Fakharani-YM
SO: Journal-of-King-Saud-University,-Agricultural-Sciences. 1998, 10: 1, 55-63; 12 ref.
LA: English
LS: Arabic
AB: T. paradoxa [Ceratocystis paradoxa], the causal agent of black scorch, was isolated from rotted roots and leaves rachis tissues obtained from date palm trees showing characteristic disease symptoms in Saudi Arabia. Results of artificial inoculation of P. dactylifera seedlings of 10 different cultivars (Helwa, Kuereia, Maktoomy, Nabat Aly, Om-Khashab, Roshody, Rothan, Sabaka, Shagra ans Sukkary) revealed that Nabtat Aly and Om-Khashab were more susceptible than the other tested cultivars. Increased water salinity (12.9 ds/m) reduced growth of date seedlings as expressed by length or fresh weight of the seedlings. Growth and sporulation of C. paradoxa decreased as the conductivity levels in the solid agar media increased. However, fungal growth was not dramatically inhibited even at the highest conductivity level tested (30.9 ds/m). Increasing the salinity levels (1.4 (tap water), 6.9, 12.9, 18.4, 26.5 ds/m) of the water used for irrigation of 6-month-old seedlings, tended to increase the infection rate of inoculated seedlings compared with the control. It is concluded that fluctuations in water salinity levels along with varietal resistances may contribute to the sporadic occurrence of C. paradoxa in the field.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 981009764

Record 9 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Date palm water requirements in the interior region of the Sultanate of Oman.
AU: Al-Lawati-EAM; McCann-IR; Shayya-WH
SO: ASAE Annual International Meeting, Orlando, Florida, USA, 12-16 July, 1998. 1998, 13 pp.; ASAE Paper no. 982185; 14 ref.
PB: American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE); St Joseph; USA
LA: English
AB: Dates are the most important crop in the Sultanate of Oman and are widely distributed throughout the country. As water resources in Oman are limited, there is the need to assess the crop water requirements under local conditions. This paper presents some preliminary results from a study that is being conducted at a research site in Nizwa in the interior of Oman. The farm is owned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Full control and management of irrigation water is possible. Plots of mature date palms (Phoenix dactylifera cv. Khalas, the most important and economically viable date cultivar in Oman) were selected for the study. The soil-water balance method was used to estimate the temporal distribution of the crop coefficient under modern and traditional irrigation systems. The process was accomplished using TDR (time domain reflectometry) measurements of soil-water content, a computerized irrigation scheduling package, and meteorological data from an automated weather station at the site. The study is expected to produce important baseline information on the crop water requirements of date palms under modern and traditional irrigation systems in the interior of Oman.
PT: Conference-paper
AN: 980313833

Record 10 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Beni-Abbes: decline of the palm groves.
OT: Beni-Abbes ou le deperissement d'une palmeraie.
AU: Bennadji-A; Bennadji-H; Bounaga-N; Cheverry-C
SO: Special Issue: Oasis. Secheresse. 1998, 9: 2, 131-137; 18 ref.
LA: French
LS: English
AB: The development of Beni-Abbes, Algeria and the subsequent increase in administrative and commercial activities and population pressure, have been responsible for the diversion of date palm-grove irrigation water. This has upset the entire palm-grove agrosystem in this region. Water and soil salinization, previously prevented by the topographical location of the palm plots, the filtering texture of the soils and the irrigation-water quality, is now increasing and thus threatening the environment.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 981913518

Record 11 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Effect of treated sewage water on the concentration of certain nutrient elements in date palm leaves and fruits.
AU: El-Mardi-MO; Salama-SB; Consolacion-EC; Al-Solomi-M
SO: Communications-in-Soil-Science-and-Plant-Analysis. 1998, 29: 5-6, 763-776; 37 ref.
LA: English
AB: In 1995, leaflet and fruit samples were collected from 9-year-old palms irrigated with potable water and treated sewage water from 2 locations in Al-Khod, Oman. After drying, ashing, and dissolution of ash by HCl, Ca and Mg concentrations were determined by atomic absorption photometry, Na and K were determined by flame spectrophotometry, and Cl was determined by titration. Results were compared with a similar study conducted in 1993. Unlike in 1993, in 1995 there were no significant differences of K, Ca, Mg or Na in leaves or fruits. K, Ca and Mg in leaves and fruits irrigated with the 3 types of water in 1995 showed higher concentrations than in 1993. Na was lower in leaves and fruits during 1995 than in 1993 when treated sewage water was used, but with potable water it was higher in leaves and lower in fruits. The increase in K, Ca and Mg, and the reduction in Na, were related to summer rains in 1995. Fruits irrigated with potable water contained more Na and less Cl than leaves. At one site, leaves and fruits contained similar amounts of Na, and higher Cl in fruits when treated sewage water was used. At the other site near the city, fruits on plants irrigated with treated sewage water had lower Na and Cl contents than leaves. In fruits irrigated with potable water, Na increased at a higher rate (a factor of 3.8) than in leaves (1.6). In fruits irrigated with treated sewage water, it decreased at higher rate in fruits (0.66) than in leaves (0.24). The increased rate was related to higher K, whereas the reduction in Na was related to lower K concentrations. The ratios of Ca:Mg and Na:Ca showed similar patterns in leaves and fruits irrigated with potable water or treated sewage water. Na:Ca ratio was always higher in fruits than in leaves, while Ca:Mg was always higher in leaves than in fruits. The K:Na ratio was generally higher in leaves when their K concentration was equal to or greater than the Na concentration. However, higher Na in the leaves resulted in higher K:Na ratio in the fruits, suggesting that Na replaced K. The ratio Ca:K in the 2 seasons was higher in leaves than in fruits irrigated with potable water, but with treated sewage water, it was higher in leaves during 1995 and higher in fruits during 1993. This suggested that when either Ca or K concentration was higher in the leaves than in fruits, their ratio in the leaves was also higher. It is also suggested that when their concentrations in the leaves were similar, the ratio Ca:K was higher in the fruits.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 980308267

Record 12 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1998/08-2000/07

TI: Aflaj irrigation and on-farm water management in northern Oman.
AU: Norman-WR; Shayya-WH; Al-Ghafri-AS; McCann-IR
SO: Irrigation-and-Drainage-Systems. 1998, 12: 1, 35-48; 17 ref.
LA: English
AB: Results from a case study on water management within a traditional falaj irrigation system in northern Oman are reported. Daily irrigation applications and crop water use was monitored during an 11-month period among 6 farm holdings. On-farm ratios of crop water demand to irrigation supply were relatively high. Based on actual crop water use, irrigation demand:supply ratios among monitored farms varied from 0.60 to 0.98, with a mean of 0.79. Examination of the soil moisture budget indicates that during most irrigations of wheat (cultivated in the low evapotranspiration months of October-March) sufficient water is applied for the shallow root zone to attain field capacity. With the exception of temporary periods of high falaj delivery flows or periods of rainfall, field capacity is usually not attained during irrigations within the more extensive root zones of date palm farms. This data should provide a better understanding of water use performance by farmers within traditional falaj systems, and facilitate more effective development planning for irrigation water conservation programmes in the region.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 981910473

Record 13 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1996-1998/07

TI: Effects of salinity and gibberellic acid on mineral concentration of date palm seedlings.
AU: Aljuburi-HJ
SO: Fruits-Paris. 1996, 51: 6, 429-435; 27 ref.
LA: English
LS: French, Spanish
AB: The effect of saline irrigation water (NaCl alone (0, 12 or 24 mg/litre) or in combination with GA3 (0.05 or 0.15 mg/litre)) on the N, P, K, Na, Cl, Mn, Zn and Fe contents of shoots and roots of date palm seedlings (cultivars Khalas and Lulu) was investigated at the United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. Different treatments influenced the mineral content of plants. Irrigation with saline water in combination with GA3 alleviated the adverse effects of NaCl by reducing the accumulation of Na and Cl in shoots and roots.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 970308777

Record 14 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1996-1998/07

TI: The date palm sector in Egypt.
AU: Riad-M; Ferry-M (ed.); Greiner-D
SO: Le palmier dattier dans l'agriculture d'oasis des pays mediterraneens. Actes des seances plenieres des Journees Internationales d'Elche, organisees par la Mairie d'Elche, le GRIDAO, le CIHEAM et la Station de Recherche Phoenix, Elche (Espagne), 25-27 avril 1995. Options-Mediterraneennes.-Serie-A,-Seminaires-Mediterraneens. 1996, No. 28, 45-53.
LA: English
LS: French
AB: In 1994, Egypt was ranked second in world date production, with output reaching 645 000 t. Date palm cultivation is well-adapted to the difficult conditions and yields are high due to effective irrigation and good water availability in many places. The plantations are spread all over the country, but the main producing areas are the Nile Valley, followed by the Nile Delta and the New Valley. Despite high levels of production, Egypt is having to import an increasing volume of dates to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding population. Most of the dates produced are fresh fruits or soft varieties which cannot meet domestic demand outside the short harvesting periods, and Egypt has insufficient capacity in its factories to process and cure large numbers of dates. In response to these problems a Date Palm Group has been set up to devise a plan to develop the date palm sector with a view to meeting growing demand. The plan, which takes into account environmental and socioeconomic conditions, involves the establishment of a specialized Date Palm Centre responsible for dealing with all aspects of the sector.
PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article
AN: 971802792

Record 15 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1996-1998/07

TI: Current situation and development prospects for the date palm sector in Morocco.
OT: Situation actuelle et perspectives de developpement du palmier dattier au Maroc.
AU: Haddouch-M; Ferry-M (ed.); Greiner-D
SO: Le palmier dattier dans l'agriculture d'oasis des pays mediterraneens. Actes des seances plenieres des Journees Internationales d'Elche, organisees par la Mairie d'Elche, le GRIDAO, le CIHEAM et la Station de Recherche Phoenix, Elche (Espagne), 25-27 avril 1995. Options-Mediterraneennes.-Serie-A,-Seminaires-Mediterraneens. 1996, No. 28, 63-79.
LA: French
LS: English
AB: Date palm cultivation constitutes the basis of oasis agriculture in the Saharan regions of Morocco. Average annual production over the last ten years has stood at around 72 000 t and has been characterized by a predominance of fruit of mediocre quality for use mainly as animal feed. Good quality dates represent only around 25% of total production. This situation contrasts strongly with that prior to the 20th century when Morocco was renowned for dates of superior quality and production levels were much higher. The situation for date production continues to worsen as a result of a combination of factors including prolonged drought, disease and infestation, and sanding up which have caused many producers to look to more rewarding types of farming. Various strategies and research projects have been implemented since the 1980s with a view to trying to address these problems and re-develop the sector. Incentives to production include state provision of technical aid and advice, subsidies and crop protection. These are supported by a technical framework providing irrigation, plantation techniques, maintenance, harvesting, protection against sanding up, and marketing.
PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article
AN: 971802794

Record 16 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1996-1998/07

TI: In vitro acclimatization of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plantlets: a quantitative comparison of epicuticular leaf wax as a function of polyethylene glycol treatment.
AU: Zaid-A; Hughes-H
SO: Plant-Cell-Reports. 1995, 15: 1-2, 111-114; 29 ref.
LA: English
AB: Wax deposits on leaf surfaces of in vitro-grown plantlets, in vitro-grown plantlets treated with polyethylene glycol for acclimatization and greenhouse-grown seedlings of 5 date palm cultivars were extracted and quantified. Significant variations among treatments and cultivars were obtained. Greenhouse-grown plants had the greatest wax deposits, followed by the acclimatized plantlets. Non-acclimatized, in vitro plantlets had an average of 15% of the amount of wax of greenhouse plants. Cultivar and plant age differences had a significant effect on the quantity of wax deposits; greenhouse seedlings of Majhool, Deglet Nour and Khadraoui (cultivars which require irrigation) accumulated less wax than Zahidi and Sayer (dryland cultivars). The increase in wax deposition as a result of polyethylene glycol treatment explains, in part, the decreased water loss observed in acclimatized plantlets when transferred ex vitro.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 960303113

Record 17 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1995

TI: Phosphorus forms in a sandy soil (Torripsamment) under palm orchards of different age in Saudi Arabia.
AU: Heakal-MS; Al-Awajy-MH; Al-Sewailem-MS; Barakah-FN; Al-Asheikh-A
SO: European-Journal-of-Soil-Science. 1995, 46: 3, 481-488; 37 ref.
LA: English
AB: Flood irrigated date-palm orchards annually manured for 10 (= U10), 50 (=U50), 110(=U110) and 230 (U230) years together with a barren site in a nearby desert (=U0), all on sandy soils, were analysed for total P (TP), organic P (OP), inorganic P extracted by 0.5M H2SO4 (Ca-P), inorganic P not extracted by 0.5M H2SO4 (NP), total N (TN) and organic C (TC). Watering resulted in continuing CaCO3 accumulation in the soils. TC and TN to 160 cm depth increased rapidly over the first 50 years (120 g C/m2 and 9.7 g N/m2 annually). At U0, TP to 160 cm depth was very small (88 mg/kg) and dominated by Ca-P with OP as a minor component. At U10, OP and Ca-P were in equal proportions. The latter acquired increasing dominance with increasing period of treatment whereas OP reached a steady state. NP increased at a rate which decreased with time. It is likely that most of OP compounds have been leached down the profile where mineralization and subsequent immobilization, probably by Ca2+ ions from irrigation waters, have occurred.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 951912606

Record 18 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1995

TI: Disease and pest outbreaks. Libya. Black scorch disease of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera) in Libya.
AU: Gariani-NK; Nuesery-SM; Edongali-EA
SO: Arab-and-Near-East-Plant-Protection-Newsletter. 1994, No. 19, 40.
LA: English
AB: This disease, caused by Thielaviopsis [Ceratocystis] paradoxa, has increased in importance with the expansion of date palm cultivation in Libya, and may cause 50% losses in newly planted, poorly managed plantations. C. paradoxa was isolated from leaves, buds and inflorescences, but not from stems and roots. All date growing regions of the country are affected. In the coastal region, the fungus causes black scorch of newly formed leaves, while in the south, white scorch and heart and inflorescence rots are most common. The disease is aggravated by infrequent rain or by sprinkler irrigation during hot days.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 952312746

Record 19 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1995

TI: Effect of treated sewage water on vegetative and reproductive growth of date palm.
AU: El-Mardi-MO; Salama-SB; Consolacion-E; Al-Shabibi-MS
SO: Communications-in-Soil-Science-and-Plant-Analysis. 1995, 26: 11-12, 1895-1904; 13 ref.
LA: English
AB: Leaf and fruit samples were collected from date palms (cv. Fardh) irrigated with treated sewage (TSW) or desalinized or well water. Samples were analysed for their Ca, Mg, Fe, Pb, Cu and Zn contents by AAS and for Na and K by flame photometry. Treated sewage water from Sultan Qaboos University campus utilities significantly increased leaf Na, K and Cu and reduced leaf Ca and fruit Zn concentrations compared with irrigation with desalinized water, but no significant effect was observed on fruit K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations for the same palms. In separate observations, differences in the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in the fruits of palms grown along the same TSW line were attributed to variations in the soil; however, differences in leaf Pb concentration could be attributed to motor vehicle combustion. None of the examined metals were found to reach levels toxic to man or plant.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 950313254

Record 20 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1995

TI: The KSU date palm service machine portable bridge units: design and test program.
AU: Al-Suhaibani-SA; Babeir-AS; Bascombe-MLA; Kilgour-J
SO: Journal-of-King-Saud-University,-Agricultural-Sciences. 1993, 5: 2, 127-139; 5 ref.
LA: English
LS: Arabic
AB: A pair of portable bridge units was designed to enable date palm service machines to cross over irrigation channels. They were constructed from rectangular hollow sections of grade 43C steel. In field tests in Saudi Arabia, the bridge units carried the maximum design wheel load of 30 kN over a maximum clear span of 2 m with an acceptable maximum deflection.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 952401318

Record 21 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1993-1994

TI: Central Australian date industry: a strategy for development.
AU: McColl-CR
SO: Technical-Bulletin -Northern-Territory,-Department-of-Primary-Industry-and-Fisheries. 1992, No. 186, 29 pp.; 24 ref.
LA: English
AB: This report is intended to provide a detailed assessment of climate and water resources in areas showing potential for date cultivation, to document research undertaken and observations made during the 1991-92 season, and to make specific recommendations to encourage the development of a Central Australian date industry. It begins with a brief history of date cultivation in Central Australia followed by consideration of the climatic requirements of the date palm (comparing Central Australia with the main date-producing areas and assessing the risk of rain damage in Central Australia). The phenology of recognised date cultivars (flowering time, onset of the Khalal stage of fruit development and maturity time) and potential areas for date production (Alice Springs, Deep Well and the Simpson Desert) are discussed. The results of research on cultivar assessment, planting material, minimizing rain damage, pest incidence and control, and irrigation and nutrition are briefly reported. Based on the conclusions of this report, a strategy for development is proposed.
PT: Miscellaneous
IB: 0-7245-2701-X
AN: 930319089

Record 22 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1992

TI: Effect of irrigation intervals on yield and water use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
AU: Al-Ghamdi-AS; Hussain-G; Al-Noaim-AA
SO: Arid-Soil-Research-and-Rehabilitation. 1991, 5: 4, 289-296; 20 ref.
LA: English
AB: In field trials on a sandy clay loam soil at Al-Ahsa in the 1986/87 and 1987/88 winter seasons, sunflowers cv. Kay Sham were irrigated at (a) 5-, (b) 10- or (c) 15-d intervals corresponding to 40, 60 and 80% depletion of available soil moisture, respectively. In 1987, maximum plant height and seed yield were significantly lower in (c) than in (a) or (b) and 100-seed weight and seed weight:head weight ratio decreased with increasingly longer intervals between irrigations. Seed yield in 1987 was 3.11 t/ha in (a) and 2.37 t in (b). In 1988, maximum plant height, DM yield, 100-seed weight and seed:head ratio decreased with longer intervals between irrigations and seed yield was significantly lower in (c) (2.32 t) than in (a) or (b) (average 3.34 t).
PT: Journal-article
AN: 920752291

Record 23 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1992

TI: Weather modification impact on reference evapotranspiration, soil salinity and desertification in arid regions: a case study.
AU: Abderrahman-WA; Bader-TA; Kahn-AU; Ajward-MH
SO: Journal-of-Arid-Environments. 1991, 20: 3, 277-286; 9 ref.
LA: English
AB: Predictions suggest that the earth's temperature may increase 1.5-4.5°C within the next 50 years if the trend of the greenhouse effect remains at the present level. The impact of the expected temperature increase on reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo), irrigation water demands, soil salinity, crop yield and desertification were assessed in the coastal, oasis and central areas of the Arabian Peninsula. A temperature increase of 1° would increase ETo by 1.6-4.2, 0.6-4.0 and 1.0-3.5% in the coastal, oasis and central areas, respectively. A temperature increase of 5° would increase ETo by 9.0-17.7, 7.9-15.6 and 7.1-13.7% in the coastal, oasis and central areas, respectively. If the increase in demands for irrigation water were not satisfied, then yields would be reduced according to the yield response factor of each crop. A 10% water shortage would cause yield reductions of 3.0, 10.5 and 6.0-10.0% in Medicago sativa, tomato and date palm, respectively. The same water shortage would increase soil salinity by about 1.23-17.68 times the original salinity level, causing a further decrease in crop yield. The increase in water stress and soil salinity could partially or completely damage many desert plants and thus enhance desertification in non-irrigated deserts in the Peninsula.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 920752935

Record 24 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1992

TI: Fruit growing in the Arab Republic of Yemen.
OT: La frutticoltura nella Repubblica Araba dello Yemen.
AU: Finetto-GA
SO: Rivista-di-Frutticoltura-e-di-Ortofloricoltura. 1990, 52: 12, 41-45; 9 pl. (5 col.).
LA: Italian
AB: Fruit growing is concentrated in 2 areas: the coastal region near Thiama for temperate fruits and the eastern desert for subtropical fruits. The area devoted to fruit growing has increased in recent years following a decline in the cereal acreage, increased demand for fruits resulting from increased family incomes, the increased availability of water for irrigation and the banning of fruit imports by the government in 1983. Notes are provided on the status of banana, date palm, pawpaw, mango, guava, coffee, citrus, dessert grape, peach, apricot, almond, apple, pear and quince growing in the country.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 920312986

Record 25 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1992

TI: Date production in Central Australia. An agronomic and economic evaluation.
AU: McEllister-FV; Tamblyn-C
SO: Technical-Bulletin -Northern-Territory,-Department-of-Primary-Industry-and-Fisheries. 1991, No. 162, 34 pp.; 1 map; 8 ref.
LA: English
AB: This bulletin presents technical advice on growing dates and evaluates the profitability of establishing a plantation in the Northern Territory. The 3 sections are subdivided as follows: (A) Climatic and agronomic aspects: soils; climate; the date palm; cultivars; plantation establishment; irrigation; nutrition; weeds, pests and diseases; pollination and bunch management; and harvesting and postharvest care. (B) Industry overview: the commercial potential for Australian dates. (C) Economic analysis: analysis criteria; costs; returns; and results. There are also 12 appendix tables and a map showing the ecologically favourable areas in Australia for date cultivation.
PT: Miscellaneous
AN: 920318235

Record 26 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1990-1991

TI: Effect of salt tolerance levels on farming of date palm varieties: a case study.
AU: Abderrahman-WA; Abdelhadi-YM
SO: Arid-Soil-Research-and-Rehabilitation. 1990, 4: 4, 269-272; 1 map; 2 ref.
LA: English
AB: Soil and water investigations in the Al-Hassa oasis of Saudi Arabia indicated that before the introduction of an irrigation and drainage project to the oasis in 1972, the date palm cv. Akhlas was grown only on farms with deep soils of low salinity (close to springs), while the Ruzaiz date palm was grown on remote farms with moderately and highly saline soils. After the introduction of the project, the soil salinity and drainage conditions were improved and Akhlas showed successful growth in remote farms. It is thought that the 2 local date palm cultivars have different soil salinity tolerance levels. Akhlas has a low tolerance while Ruzaiz has a high tolerance.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 910305583

Record 27 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1990-1991

TI: Effect of drip irrigation and mulch on soil and performance of date palm under saline water irrigation.
AU: Jain-BL; Pareek-OP
SO: Annals-of-Arid-Zone. 1989, 28: 3-4, 245-248; 7 ref.
LA: English
AB: At a site at Pali, Rajasthan, young date palms, cultivars Khadrawy and Shamran, were planted in Feb. in pits 75 cm deep and 60 cm in diameter, filled with surface soil (a sandy clay loam of pH 7.6 and with an EC of 0.2 dS/m). Irrigation water of 3 levels of salinity, viz. EC 2.7, 6.0 and 9.0 dS/m, was applied 15-18 times/year for 5 years; each tree received 30 litres at 15-day intervals from Mar. to June and at 20-day intervals from Oct. to Feb. Drip and ring (basin) irrigation were compared; in addition, half the plots received a surface mulch of gravel at 10 kg/pit. The 6-m-wide row space was divided to allow a slope on each side for runoff. The salt accumulations in the soil were effectively leached by rainfall and runoff during the monsoon period. No carry over of salts was evident during the 5 years of study. Differences in salinity between drip- and ring-irrigated soils were not significant after leaching. The gravel mulch did not reduce salinity in the palm root zone. Tree survival and growth were little affected by irrigation salinity. The height of Shamran palms was less at EC 9.0 dS than at other levels, but trees of this cultivar produced more offshoots than Khadrawy. Offshoot survival was higher with drip- than with ring-irrigation in Khadrawy, but not in Shamran. The flowering times of the 2 cultivars were unaffected by either the EC or method of irrigation.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 910307342

Record 28 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1990-1991

TI: Watering requirement and scheduling of date palm.
AU: Saeed-AB; Etewy-HA; Hassan-OSA
SO: AMA,-Agricultural-Mechanization-in-Asia,-Africa-and-Latin-America. 1990, 21: 4, 49-52; 6 ref.
LA: English
AB: Recommendations are given for the irrigation scheduling of date palms under Al-Hassa conditions, based on results of field experiments and soil moisture and evapotranspiration studies.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 911958554

Record 29 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1990-1991

TI: Palm growing areas of Morocco.
OT: Les zones phoenicicoles marocaines.
AU: Larbi-SH
SO: Cahiers-de-la-Recherche-Developpement. 1989, No. 22, 15-27; OQEH.
LA: French
LS: English, Spanish, Arabic
AB: Date palm is grown mainly in eleven provinces in Morocco, situated in the southern and northeastern parts of the country. The study first discusses the different irrigation systems in the region. It then highlights the production systems. Crops grown are date palms, olive, various tree fruits and cereals. Sheep and cattle are reared under both intensive and extensive farming practices. Government intervention in the agricultural development of the zone is also discussed, noting: level of investment; special incentive schemes (in particular to encourage the adoption of irrigation techniques); provision of credit; and environmental conservation efforts (such as the control of desertification). Ways of improving agricultural productivity are outlined. This paper was initially presented at a seminar on oasis farming systems, held in Tozeur, Tunisia, between 19-21 November, 1988.
PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article
AN: 901876818

Record 30 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1990-1991

TI: The influence of some environmental factors on the yield of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Zahdi in Iraq, the soil.
AU: Rahif-AH; Hummadi-AM; Said-BT
SO: Journal-of-Agriculture-and-Water-Resources-Research,-Plant-Production. 1988, 7: 2, 329-346 (Arabic section); 22 ref.
LA: Arabic
LS: English
AB: Soils and irrigation water used for date cultivation in central and S. Iraq exhibited considerable local variation in salt content. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water ranged from 0.46 to 3.76 mmhos/cm and tended to increase towards the south. Soil EC ranged from 2.44 to 17.24 mmhos/cm and tended to increase with increasing soil depth. Soil and irrigation water pH ranged from 7.20 to 8.40 and from 7.30 to 8.08, respectively. N and P (but not K) deficiencies were recorded at all locations. Soil available N, P and K concentrations were 6.3-21.0, 4.6-12.3 and 210-350 p.p.m., respectively. Pinna (leaflet) analysis indicated low N concentrations and optimum or high P and K concentrations across all locations studied. Leaf nutrient composition was correlated with fruit yield, which ranged from 25.02 to 53.90 kg/tree. Average fruit weight ranged from 10.3 to 66.1 g and fruit length from 2.7 to 3.5 cm. Total and invert sugar contents but not sucrose content varied considerably between locations. Fruit moisture content ranged from 13.8 to 21.9%.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 900397283

Record 31 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1990-1991

TI: Date palm culture in Pakistan.
AU: Ghafoor-A; Gopang-AD
SO: Progressive-Farming. 1988, 8: 1, 8-13.
LA: English
AB: The area devoted to dates in Pakistan has increased steadily from 22 600 ha in 1978/79 to 30 500 ha in 1982/83. Production during this period has increased from 197 800 to 323 700 t. The nutritive value, soil and climatic requirements, cultivars available, propagation, planting, crop management (including irrigation, pruning, pollination, fertilizer/manure application and pest and disease control) and harvesting of dates in Pakistan are discussed.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 900397765

Record 32 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1987-1989

TI: Long-term effects of irrigation and date-palm production on Torripsamments, Saudi Arabia.
AU: Heakal-MS; Al-Awajy-MH
SO: Geoderma. 1989, 44: 4, 261-273; 3 fig., 7 tab.; 12 ref.
LA: English
AB: Specimens of soil profiles from four date-palm orchards at Unayzah under irrigation for periods ranging from 10 to 230 years, were compared with one another and with a profile from the nearby barren desert. Soil properties were recorded through field and laboratory observations. Distribution and mass of plant roots in each layer to a depth of 135 cm were also measured, as was the quality of the irrigation water used in each orchard. Total amounts of carbonates were several times larger in profiles from the older orchards than in the desert. Most of that difference was in clay-size carbonates. The largest amounts of carbonates occurred where the greatest mass of plant roots was found. Organic matter levels were two to three times as high in the profiles in the orchards as in that in the desert, with the biggest difference between the barren profile and the 10 year old orchard. Clay contents were greater in the profiles under irrigation, with a tendency for the amounts to increase with time. Greater amounts of clay are attributed chiefly to precipitation of carbonates in that fraction. The profiles in the orchards developed increasing strengths and decreasing bulk densities over time. Differences among the profiles thus indicate not only that pathways of genesis have been altered under irrigation but that some effects become evident in a short space of time and are gradually enhaced over longer periods.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 891937316

Record 33 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1987-1989

TI: Changes in soil fabric of Torripsamments under irrigated date palms, Saudi Arabia.
AU: Khalifa-EM; Reda-M; Al-Awajy-MH
SO: Geoderma. 1989, 44: 4, 307-317; 8 fig., 4 tab.; 15 ref.
LA: English
AB: Micromorphological observations were made of the individual layers in one soil profile in the desert and in four similar profiles in irrigated date palm orchards at Unayzah ranging in age from 10 to 230 years. Soluble silica in soil samples and 'amorphous' silica in clay fractions were also determined. Differences in the soil fabric among the profiles indicated changes over time such as modification of the types and distribution of voids, additions and transfers of CaCO3 and silica and some transfers of clays. The differences in the soils could be related to the length of time under irrigation and to the quality of irrigation waters.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 891937319

Record 34 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1987-1989

TI: The possibility of using mineralized water for irrigating date palms (Oman).
AU: Kulenkamp-A-Yu; Eroshkina-AN; Borisenko-VI; Zakhariya-Ya-A
SO: Problems-of-Desert-Development. 1985, No. 5, 90-94; 4 tab. Translated from Problemy Osvoeniya Pustyn (1985) No. 5 76-79; 9 ref.
LA: English
AB: As the most salt-resistant cultivated fruit plant, the date palm was chosen for an experiment on irrigation of alluvial soils in Oman using water of different degrees of mineralization. The heights of trees, quantities of leaves, and dimensions of root systems were reduced when irrigated with water containing 107.9 mg. equiv. of cations and 98.4 mg. equiv. of anions. The salt resistance of date palms has clearly expressed varietal differences.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 881918024

Record 35 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1987-1989

TI: Date-palm growing in Algeria: a research programme at the service of development.
OT: La culture du palmier-dattier en Algerie: un programme de recherche au service du developpement.
AU: Perriere-RAB-de-la; Dubost-D; Brac-de-la-Perriere-RA; De-la-Perriere-RAB; La-Perriere-RAB-de
SO: P.H.M. -Revue-Horticole. 1987, No. 273, 49-52; 4 pl.; 11 ref.
LA: French
AB: A review and discussion, in relation to the intensification of agriculture in oases, with mention of irrigation, fertigation, control of pests and diseases (especially Fusarium oxysporum f. albedinis), and propagation of improved cultivars by in vitro culture. The area covered by date palms is about 60 000 ha. The most highly-priced cv., Deglet Nour, is very susceptible to Fusarium.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 870342134

Record 36 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1984-1986

TI: Economic appraisal of date palm plantations in western Rajasthan.
AU: Bhati-GN; Kalla-JC; Vyas-DL
SO: Annals-of-Arid-Zone. 1985, 24: 3, 251-257; 6 ref.
LA: English
AB: Factors considered were: (1) the cost of soil tillage, planting, fencing, irrigation, pruning, pollination, harvesting and plantation maintenance, and (2) economic returns from the sale of dates. The economic viability of plantations in irrigated arid areas was assessed on the following basis: net present value, discounted benefit-cost ratios, internal rate of return, annuity, and pay-back period. Formulae are given. It is concluded that under the existing conditions date palm cultivation falls slightly short of economic viability.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 860337405

Record 37 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1984-1986

TI: Effect of irrigation on growth, yield and fruit quality of dry dates grown at Asswan.
AU: Hussein-F; Hussein-FA
SO: Proceedings of the first symposium on the date palm in Saudi Arabia. 1983, 168-173; 13 ref.
PB: King Faisal University; Al-Hassa; Saudi Arabia
LA: English
LS: Arabic
AB: With cv. Sakkoti, leaf growth, leaf size, and fruit fresh weight, moisture content and TSS contents were increased with increasing irrigation. Total sugar concentration and sucrose expressed as a percentage of fresh weight were significantly higher with no irrigation than in the heaviest irrigation treatment (24 applications annually). Reducing sugar percentage followed the opposite trend. Heavy irrigation increased mean yield/palm but produced fruit of high moisture content and thus delayed maturity. Irrigation based on 12 applications per year of 300 m3/feddan (= 1.038 acres) at intervals of about 4 weeks is considered best.
PT: Conference-paper
AN: 850327430

Record 38 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1984-1986

TI: Proceedings. The First Symposium on the date palm in Saudi Arabia.
CA: King Faisal University.
SO: 1983, 762 pp.
PB: King Faisal University; Al-Hassa; Saudi Arabia
LA: English, Arabic
AB: Contributions on the irrigation, fertilizing and nutrient relations of date palms are noticed separately. See Subject Index, Conferences, Date Palm in Saudi Arabia.
PT: Conference-proceedings
AN: 851995498

Record 39 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1984-1986

TI: Date production and protection.
CA: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
SO: FAO-Plant-Production-and-Protection-Paper. 1982, received 1985, No. 35, 294 pp.; many pl., fig., 1 map; 469 ref.
PB: FAO; Rome; Italy
LA: English
AB: This book, prepared by the FAO Horticultural Crops Group of the Plant Production and Protection Division, is based on the work of V.H.W.Dowson. It is presented in the following chapters: I. Origin and distribution, 2. Climatic factors, 3. Economic importance of date production, 4. Description of the date palm, 5. Pollination, breeding and selection, 6. Propagation, planting and spacing, 7. Soil requirements, 8. Irrigation and drainage, 9. Cultural operations, 10. Harvesting, 11. Pests and diseases, and 12. Improvement of productivity. It contains many monochrome photographs, a list of research stations interested in the date palm, and a comprehensive bibliography, and should prove most useful to those concerned with the improvement of this important crop.
PT: Book
IB: 92-5-101121-4
AN: 850332415

Record 40 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1982-1983

TI: Preliminary results of a date palm irrigation experiment in Central Iraq.
AU: Abou-Khaled-A; Chaudhry-SA; Abdel-Salam-S
SO: Date-Palm-Journal. 1982, 1: 2, 199-232; 2 fig.; 14 ref.
LA: English
LS: Arabic
AB: In trials with 20-year-old palms of the date cvs Maktoom, Braim, Barhee and Sayer, intercropped with 5-year-old citrus trees [unspecified], the total water consumption of the palms was 18 000m3/ha annually of which 12 000m3 came from irrigation, 5000m3 from the water table (3.5-4 m depth) and 1000m3 from rainfall. Some 70-74% of palm feeder roots were found in the top 120 cm of soil. The recommended irrigation programme is 10 irrigations/year of which 6 (2/month) should be given in June, July and August. The citrus trees tolerated well the extended irrigation intervals. [See also HcA 52, 3334.]
PT: Journal-article
AN: 830311503

Record 41 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1982-1983

TI: A microflooding irrigation method.
OT: Su di un metodo di irrigazione a microportata di erogazione per sommersione temporanea: metodo a microsommersione.
AU: Falciai-M; Giacomin-A
SO: Rivista-di-Ingegneria-Agraria. 1983, 14: 1, 35-39; 21 ref.
LA: Italian
LS: English
AB: A localized microflooding irrigation method requiring no special emitters is described. Two applications are presented, one in Algeria on date-palm, the other in Somaliland on grapefruit. Encouraging results have been obtained both from the technical and economical point of view.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 831979996

Record 42 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1982-1983

TI: Consumption of water by date palms: preliminary results of a date palm irrigation experiment in central Iraq.
AU: Abou-Khaled-A; Chaudhri-SA; Abdul-Salam-S
SO: Date-Palm-Journal. 1981, 1: 1, 131-132.
LA: English
AB: In irrigation trials in central Iraq date palms, cvs Barhee, Braim, Maktoom and Sayer, consumed about 18 000 m3 of water ha-1 year -1 of which about 12 000 m3 were supplied by irrigation, 1000 m3 by rain and 5000 m3 from the water table, 3.5-4.0 m below ground level. Ten irrigations/year are recommended with 2 irrigations/month in June, July and August, monthly irrigation in May, September and October, and one irrigation throughout the winter period (November to April).
PT: Journal-article
AN: 820304359

Record 43 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1982-1983

TI: Management, conservation and development of agricultural resources in the United Arab Emirates.
AU: Khan-MIR
SO: Presented-at-the-Expert-Meeting-on-Management,-Conservation-and-Development-of-Agricultural-Resources-in-the-ECWA-Region -9-15-May-1981,-Damascus,-Syrian-Arab-Republic. 1981, 17 pp.
PB: United Nations Economic and Social Council.; New York; USA
LA: English
AB: Soil moisture and fertility are not conducive to agriculture throughout most of the United Arab Emirates. Irrigation and careful soil management have made agriculture possible in some areas, but increasing salinization is forcing abandonment of some fields. Since aquifers are declining in much of the coastal area, water of increasing salinity is being used, making the salinization problem even more severe. Natural vegetation and wildlife of the area have been largely depleted through overuse and poor management. Some replanting and reintroduction of wildlife have taken place in protected areas over the past few years. Livestock overgrazing has denuded much of the terrain and encroaching sand endangers cultivated areas and settlements alike. The United Arab Emirates have formulated no clear policy on land use. A five-year plan for management of agriculture and natural resources is being considered, and will emphasize desertification control and improved resources administration. Meanwhile, some control measures have been implemented, including reforestation, shelterbelt planting, data collection, date palm planting and improved range management.
PT: Miscellaneous
AN: 812610333

Record 44 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1979-1981

TI: Improvement of traditional date culture.
AU: Carpenter-JB
SO: Date-Palm-Journal. 1981, 1: 1, 1-16; OAE; 24 ref.
LA: English
AB: Administrative and agricultural measures are suggested that may promote improvement in date palm culture in traditional growing areas. The suggestions are based on observations and study of date palm culture in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen during 1970/78. On the administrative side, the provision of an extension service, available technology, surveys, statistics and research, co-operative plantings, quarantine measures, subsidy programmes and price controls are briefly considered.
ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: Information and advice are provided on date palm irrigation requirements and methods, fertilizer application, weed control, pollination, bunch management, insect control, tree spacing, replanting and renovation, and the establishment of nurseries and new plantings. Administrative considerations such as quarantine controls are included. The suggestions made are based on observations in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 811881652

Record 45 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1979-1981

TI: Date palm cultivation and research in Iraq.
AU: Mohammed-S; Shabana-HR
SO: Chronica-Horticulturae. 1979, 19: 3, 49-50.
LA: English
AB: A short discussion of the following aspects: (1) culture: cvs, planting methods, irrigation, pollination and fruit development, harvesting and pruning; (2) research on growth regulators and pollen in relation to fruit set and quality and on date processing, storage and by-products.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 800380880

Record 46 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1979-1981

TI: The date palm in Oman.
OT: Le palmier-dattier en Oman.
AU: Vittoz-J
SO: Fruits. 1979, 34: 10, 609-621; 23 pl., 2 maps.
LA: French
AB: A detailed survey of crop production, covering soils, irrigation, planting methods, pollination, pests and diseases, cultivars, labour requirements, costs and returns.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 800381387

Record 47 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1979-1981

TI: Propagating date palms. Study of some factors affecting rooting of date palm offshoots.
OT: Multiplication du palmier-dattier. Etude de quelques facteurs conditionnant la reprise vegetative des rejets de palmier-dattier.
AU: Saaidi-M; Duvauchelle-G; Toutain-G
SO: Fruits. 1979, 34: 9, 555-561; 10 ref.
LA: French
AB: Seventy eight per cent of cv. Bou Slirene offshoots rooted whereas with cvs Tadment, Iklane and Bou Stammi Noir the percentages were 64, 53 and 31, respectively. There was little difference in the rooting ability of offshoots weighing 3-5 kg, 5-7 kg or 7-10 kg. Irrigation was an important factor.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 800380715

Record 48 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1979-1981

TI: The water resources of Oman
AU: De-Jong-RL; Jong-RL-de
SO: Water development and management: proceedings of the United Nations Water Conference, Mar del Plata, Argentina, March 1977 (Water Development, Supply and Management Series: Volume 1). 1978, Part 4, E-CONF. 70-ABSTRACT 242, 2644.
PB: Pergamon Press.; New York; USA
LA: English
AB: The traditional system of water extraction in Oman is the use of the falaj, a structure resembling a large horizontal well, which skims the upper part of the aquifer and provides a dependable and reasonably constant supply to settlements and date palm groves. Demands on the limited supply are increasing and problems are arising in the operation of the falaj systems. Sometimes the skimming effect has allowed deep sea-water intrusion; lack of flow controls and expensive maintenance threaten the efficiency of operation, and interference with the ground-water reservoir through pumped wells or recharge schemes tends to upset the supply pattern. To safeguard the rights of current water users and to promote efficient use, a system of water permits is being developed to implement a country-wide water management programme. Additional technical measures under consideration are porous recharge dams, the introduction of water-saving irrigation techniques, the re-use of waste water, basic data collection using satellites, digital modelling of significant aquifers, weather modification, and selective introduction of desalination. Preliminary data collected for the preparation of a National Water Plan indicate that the Sultanate will be able to sustain a modest expansion of agricultural production as well as increased municipal and industrial demands by relying on its proved water resources.
PT: Abstract-only
AN: 792602073

Record 49 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1979-1981

TI: Preliminary studies on the population density of some moths at al-Hassa region using a light trap.
AU: Hammad-SH; Ramadan-MM
SO: Proceedings of the Third Conference on the Biological Aspects of Saudi Arabia, University of King Faisal, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, January 24-27, 1979. 1979, pp. 79-100; 14 tab., 5 fig.; 18 ref.
PB: Saudi Biological Society.; Riyadh; Saudi Arabia
LA: English
LS: Arabic
AB: The population density of some moths was studied at al-Hassa region (Eastern Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia) using a simplified Robinson light-trap (200 watt). The trap was situated at the water pump station of the irrigation and drainage project, and was operated from the beginning of October, 1977 until the end of September, 1978. The trap was 1.5 metres high above ground level and it was set daily from sunset to sunrise. It was emptied once a week and the catch was separated, identified and counted. The vegetation surrounding the trap consisted mainly of date palm trees with few citrus or pomegranate trees between them. Also, alfalfa or different kinds of vegetables are grown underneath the date palm trees. Twenty identified species are discussed. Of these, only Aprocrema alfalfella Ams., Spodoptera exigua Hub., Trichoplusia circumflexa L., Pachyzancla licarsicalis walk., Mocis frugolis, Hymenia recurvalis and Discetro trifoli were recorded in comparatively high numbers. The number of generations of each of these species during the year are under study.
PT: Miscellaneous
AN: 802603885

Record 50 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1976-1978

TI: Water and salinity problems of Abadan Island date gardens.
AU: Furr-JR
SO: Report-of-the-Annual-Date-Growers'-Institute. 1975, 52: 14-17; 11 ref.
LA: English
AB: Irrigation and drainage problems associated with date palm culture in Abadan Island and some adjacent areas in Iran include a high water table, irrigation with tidal water that is increasing in salinity, and poor soil aeration. Average estimated yields are 75 kg/palm where the water table and salinity are relatively low, compared with 5 kg/palm where water table and salinity are high. The estimated consumption of water by date palms is about 29 000 m3/ha/year.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 770358407

Record 51 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1976-1978

TI: Growing dates in the United States.
AU: Nixon-RW; Carpenter-JB
SO: Agriculture-Information-Bulletin,-Science-and-Education-Administration,-United-States-Department-of-Agriculture. 1978, No.207, 63 pp.
LA: English
AB: Among pests and diseases of date palm in the USA, Meloidogyne spp. are widely distributed in California date palm orchards but the extent of damage to mature palms is not known and control has not been attempted. Germinating seeds and young plants can be killed and stands and growth of young seedlings may be seriously reduced by root-knot disease. Seedlings should be grown in fumigated or nematode-free soil.
ADDITIONAL ABSTRACT: The bulletin deals with many aspects of date growing, including climatic and soil requirements; propagation; soil management; irrigation; fertilization; pruning; pollination; fruit thinning; control of pests and diseases; harvesting; and packinghouse management.
PT: Miscellaneous
AN: 780850132

Record 52 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1976-1978

TI: In the "gardens of the Saura", agricultural impressions from the date palm oases of Algeria.
OT: In den "Garten der Saura"; landwirtschaftliche Eindrucke aus den Palmenoasen Algeriens.
AU: Pevetz-W
SO: Monatsberichte-uber-die-Osterreichische-Landwirtschaft. 1977, 24: 10, 605-610.
LA: German
AB: The author uses personal impressions of a vacation trip, supplemented by studies in the literature, to report on the structures and problems of oasis agriculture in the Algerian Sahara, particularly in the western Erg. The traditional agriculture of the date palm oasis is presented as an example of a marginal form of economy and way of life. The basis of existence is the cultivation of the date palm, which also supplies the most important trade product, supplemented by the cultivation of cereals, vegetables and fruit mainly for self-consumption based on a cleverly constructed irrigation system, which however, is now in many cases threatened by ruin. The main problem of the economy of the oasis is migration, primarily of the younger men, which in some cases leads to shortage of labour and destruction of local initiatives; the continual struggle against the desert is in many places being lost. It is likely to lead to a concentration of population even in the oases of the Sahara; only in the larger oases with urban type settlements and industrial and commercial activity is it possible to modernize and rationalize the irrigated agriculture and so construct a new agricultural system better adapted to the present time, as is being sought by the Algerian government. The smaller oases should be abandoned; they are showing strong desettlement trends and their sparce palm groves are increasingly sinking into the desert sands. On the other hand the larger oases, particularly those at important junctions, are increasingly taking on an urban character with a mixed economic structure. The original processing (e.g. date packing) industries which were closely linked with the local agriculture production are increasingly being replaced by industrial and commercial sectors less linked to the region.
PT: Journal-article
CI: Schrifttum der Agrarwirtschaft 18, 3, 187.
AN: 781844938

Record 53 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1976-1978

TI: Date palm. Phoenix dactylifera.
AU: Oudejans-JHM; Simmonds-NW (ed.)
SO: Evolution-of-crop-plants. 1976, 229-231; 8 ref.
PB: Longman.; London; UK
LA: English
AB: This genus was widely distributed in Europe in Tertiary times but retreated southwards as the climate changed, remaining abundant in the North African region until desiccation restricted its distribution. Cultivation possibly dates back to Neolithic times, the earliest record being a sample of stones from Egypt dating to 4500 BC. Variation has been but little exploited. Breeding problems posed by the long life cyle can now be overcome by vegetative propagation under mist irrigation in greenhouses and by propagation in vitro. Breeding objectives will be the improvement of fruit-bunch characters and physiological characteristics such as salt tolerance, and increased disease resistance.
PT: Miscellaneous
AN: 761643411

Record 54 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1976-1978

TI: Soil conservation in date palm plantations of the Sahara and its peripheral regions.
AU: Toutain-G
SO: Awamia. 1973, No.48, 1-16; 23 ref.
LA: French
LS: English, Spanish, Arabic
AB: Recommendations, including irrigation, drainage, crop rotation, and amendments and fertilizer applications, are given for improving the general fertility of date palm soils in these regions.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 761930770

Record 55 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1976-1978

TI: Control of biting and annoying gnats with fertilizer.
AU: Legner-EF; Sjogren-RD; Olton-GS; Moore-L
SO: California-Agriculture. 1976, 30: 2, 14-17; 1 fig.
LA: English
AB: As the addition of synthetic urea, a common fertiliser, to the rearing medium had killed larvae of Hippelates collusor (Tns.) in laboratory tests, field studies were carried out in southern California on the effectiveness of urea against natural populations of this species and of Leptoconops kerteszi Kieff. It had been shown that survival of the parasites Spalangia drosophilae Ashm., Phaenopria occidentalis Fouts and Hexacola sp. and a variety of predators was unaffected when they were confined in vials containing urea granules or a plaster base wetted with urea concentrate.In the first experiment in April 1966, a Citrus orchard with a lucerne cover crop and a history of high densities of Hippelates collusor was cultivated 3 times to a depth of 8 in. on the day after irrigation and parts treated 4 days later with urea granules at 354, 708 or 1417 lb active urea/acre. The higher dosages gave only 10-15% reductions in adult emergence compared with untreated parts and the lowest dosage no reduction. In a second experiment on 9 June, the soil in the same orchard was cultivated 3 times to a depth of 12 in. and granular urea was applied at 354, 708 or 2834 lb/acre on the same day with a fourth cultivation to mix in the granules to a depth of about 8 in. The orchard was flood irrigated 4 h later. All treatments reduced emergence by more than 50%.In a third experiment, a date grove, which was irrigated on 29 May 1968, was cultivated 3 times to a depth of 8 in., treated with granules by hand at 2834 lb/acre 4 days later and cultivated a fourth time. This reduced emergence of H. collusor by 96.7%. Resetting the emergence traps after cultivation 3 times to a depth of 8 in. in September without retreatment showed that emergence was enhanced in treated areas, perhaps because of increased vegetation as a result of the fertilising effect of the urea. In a fourth experiment, treatment of Santa Ana River bottom soil at 119, 238 or 475 lb/acre in August 1969 without cultivation reduced emergence of L. kerteszi by 50-60%. In the final experiment in 1970, the granules were applied at 237.6 lb/acre from aircraft over an extensive breeding area of L. kerteszi with the same results as in the previous experiment.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 760535227

Record 56 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1976-1978

TI: Lake Nasser Development Centre, Aswan, Arab Republic of Egypt. Agricultural potential.
AU: Dastane-NG
SO: 1974, 86pp.; fig., graph., map, pl., tab., 13 ref.
PB: Fisheries Department, FAO.; Rome; Italy
LA: English
AB: The lakeshore area of 85,000 ha. can be cultivated using subsoil moisture, in some cases supplemented with irrigation. The increased water level of the lake from August to November can be used to grow deep-water rice (10,000 ha.). Forest should be planted on steep slopes and other scattered areas not suitable for arable farming (10,000 ha.). Perennial crops can be grown on uplands with lift irrigation (200,000 ha.). Multi-storeyed cropping of date palm, interplanted with citrus, grape, mango, etc., and interplanting with field crops is recommended. An intensive agricultural research programme should be carried out and urgent steps should be taken to frame policies and programmes for agricultural development of the region to utilize the enormous water resources largely wasted at present by seepage and evaporation.
PT: Miscellaneous
CI: Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture 2, 8, 10017.
AN: 761829594

Record 57 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1972-1975

TI: Vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in Phoenix canariensis.
OT: La tracheomicosi da Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis della Phoenix canariensis.
AU: Corte-A
SO: Notiziario-sulle-Malattie-delle-Piante. 1973, 88-89: 107-117; 1 col. pl.; 10 ref.
LA: Italian
LS: English
AB: The disease can be fatal and is encouraged by summer rains and irrigation. F. oxysporum f. sp. albedinis was constantly isolated from the roots, trunk and leaf-rachides of affected plants. The disease is considered as identical with 'bayoud' of date palm. Preliminary trials with benomyl have given promising results.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 750330387

Record 58 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1972-1975

TI: A preliminary study on the effect of shelter on alfalfa and Rhodes grass grown under irrigated arid zone conditions in Saudi Arabia.
AU: Farnworth-J
SO: Publication,-Joint-Agricultural-Research-and-Development-Project,-University-College-of-North-Wales-and-Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Water,-Saudi-Arabia. 1974, No.35, 10pp.; 3 ref.
LA: English
AB: In trials at Hofuf, Saudi Arabia shelter from date-palm branches increased yields of lucerne and Rhodes grass grown in an irrigated arid zone environment. The two species showed different responses according to season. Unsheltered areas showed 33% higher evaporation during July-Aug. than sheltered areas.
PT: Miscellaneous
AN: 750737733

Record 59 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1972-1975

TI: Fruit and vegetable crops production on desalinated sea-water in the Egyptian north western coast.
AU: Khalf-Allah-AM; Bakr-HMA; Sherif-MM; Taha-MW
SO: Alexandria-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. 1973, 21: 3, 401-406; tab., 16 ref.
PB: Alexandria.; Egypt
LA: English
LS: Arabic
AB: A study was conducted to evaluate seven different cropping systems (each system consists of a fruit crop in combination with some vegetables), based on the use of desalinated seawater for irrigation. The fruits were olive, date palm, citrus, grape vines, fig, almond and pecan. The vegetables were tomato, cucumber, green pea, squash and water melon. Economics of each cropping system are discussed. It is concluded that the use of desalinated sea water for agricultural production on desert land is economically sound. However, the optimal agricultural system cannot be exactly designed unless more detailed information and adequate financial resources are available.
PT: Journal-article
CI: Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture 1, 6, 7502840.
AN: 751820806

Record 60 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1972-1975

TI: Comparative resistance to bayoud disease of four Tunisian date palm clones.
OT: Comparaison de la resistance au bayoud de quatre clones tunisiens de palmier-dattier.
AU: Louvet-J; Bulit-J; Toutain-G
SO: Awamia. 1970, No. 34, 111-118; 2 pl.; 5 ref.
LA: French
LS: Arabic, Spanish, English
AB: In a trial on varietal resistance to Fusarium [oxysporum f. albedinis] on naturally infected soil the date clones Deglet Nour A and Deglet Nour B were more susceptible than Ftimi and Okhouet Ftimi. The Moroccan clone Iklane was resistant. In this trial the cuttings were planted with irrigation and fertilizer treatments which favoured both rapid establishment and the spread of the disease, and preliminary results were available after one year.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 730313803

Record 61 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1972-1975

TI: Leaf temperatures of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.).
AU: Karschon-R
SO: Israel-Journal-of-Agricultural-Research. 1973, 23: 1, 21-24; 8 ref.
LA: English
AB: Sun-exposed pinnae were found to be warmer than the ambient air, independent of irrigation. The temperature of shaded pinnae was close to that of air.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 740316191

Record 62 of 62 in CAB Abstracts 1972-1975

TI: Observations on the spread of an active focus of bayoud in a regular plantation of date palm.
OT: Observations sur la progression d'un foyer actif de bayoud dans une plantation reguliere de palmier dattier.
AU: Toutain-G
SO: Awamia. 1970, 35: 155-161; 1 diag., 1 tab.
LA: French
LS: Arabic, Spanish, English
AB: The spread of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis at the Zagora Exp. Stn. was regular, concentric and increased with increased irrigation.
PT: Journal-article
AN: 731306756