By
Dr.
Tomas Cabello, Almeria, June 2002
tcabellogarcia@hotmail.com
Introduction:
The
first attacks of this pest were detected in 1993, in Motril and Almunecar
(Municipal Districs, Granada Province, South of Spain). Their origin seems to be
due to the imported palms (plants with great development), via Barcelona port,
until the Granada area, without an appropriate inspection neither phytosanitary
control. Although it is difficult to specify their origin and date, it seems
that the introduction was carries out at the beginning of the 90's years; this
dates it was imported several departures of palm plants, with origin in:
Tunisia, Egypt or Saudia Arabia. However, the damages (for destruction of an
important number of trees) they don't take place until half of the 90's years;
it due to a great drought that was presented in the South Spain that forced to
not watering the public gardens. In this circumstances, the problem was detected
becauses the increase of damage on trees with high hidric stress.
The
identification of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in Spain (Red Palm
Weevil) was carried out for the Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty of Agronomy
(University of Almeria). The material was colleted among July of 1994 and
December of 1995, in the municipal districs of Motril and Almunecar (Granada;
Spain); from this date and periodically, we have been carried out the collection
of more speciems, in all the cases they have corresponded to R. ferrugineus
species. .
As
complementary data it is necessary to point out that:
.
In
the Iberian Peninsula, except for the "palmito" (Chamaerops humilis) ,
all
the
Palmacea species have been introduced. In Europe there are two species of
autochthonous palm: Ch. humilis and the Cretean palm.
.
The
cultivation of the palm in our country it is not very important (539 hectares),
with a harvest value, in 1994, of 9 millions of euros.
.
The
biggest economic value of palm in Spain, it is due to the ornamental species
that are broadly utilized. The most utilized species, so much in public gardens
as private, is the Canary palm (Phoenix
canariensis).
.
Finally, in the Canary Islands exists an autochthonous palm (Phoenix
canariensis)
that
has evolved in absence of phytophagous below to Rhynchophorus genus, that if
they are present in Africa.
Developed works and implicated organisms.
The
works carried out, from the RPW introduction, according to the European Unio
legislation, they have had as objective to eradicate to the pest. In the works
they have intervened:
."Ministerio
de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentaci6n" (Ministry of Agriculture, Spanish
Government): that it is the responsible for one the phytosanitary inspection at
border; as well as the coordination of Crop Protection at state level.
.
"Consejeria
de Agricultura y Pesca" (Andalusia, Regional Governmet): responsible for the
Crop Protection in Andalusia.
.
Local
Administration: City councils of the affected areas, because they have the
competitions in parks and gardens (so much public as private).
As
scientific committee:
.
Department of Vegetable Protection (INIA-CIT).
.
Lab.
of entomology. Fc Agronomy (E.P.S.). Almeria University.
All
the works have been carried out, in coordinated form, by means of periodic
meetings, of a Technical Committee constituted by the national, regional and
local authorities; jointly with INIA-CIT and the University of Almeria.
The
distribution of the works, for implicated organisms, it has been the following
one:
.
City
councils: realization of the measures eradication and control measures in the
affected areas, so much in public parks as private gardens.
.
Regional Government: legal and quarantine regulations, coordination and
financing of eradication and pest control works. They developed it the trials of
chemical control applications, under field conditions.
.
National Government: legal and quarantine regulations too.
.
INIA-CIT:
Setting to trap methods of pest detection, by means of pheromones and kairomones.
.
Almeria University: It is detailed it later on.
Finally, in this section, it is necessary to point out that the works developed
by INIA and the University of Almeria, they were carried out by means of a
research project (at the moment concluded) that was financed by the European
Community and Spain.
Works
carried out by the University of Almeria.
the
Laboratory of Entomology has developed in these last years the following lines:
.
Rearing on artificial diet of RPW.
.
Studies on the digestive physiology of this species.
.
Biology studies of RPW.
.
Host
plant studies.
.
Chemical and biological control of this pest.
Current situation gives the plague.
From
the beginning of the damages in 1993 in Almunecar and Motril (Granada); the
species increased its incidence and distribution gives slow form. This way, in
1997, the area infested squatter approximately 30 km. give longitude and 1 km of
width, coastwise give Granada, arriving to an altitude gives 100 meters.
Is
the species at the present time, in Spain (see map), in the coast area of
Granada and Malaga Provinces. In Granada, the municipal districs are 3:
Almunecar, Salobrena y Motril; and 3 in Malaga: Nerja, Frigiliana y Torrox;
affecting so much to palms located in public parks, like in private gardens. In
this area, does it seem that the pest has stopped its expansion.
Perspective and valuation.
After
7
years of works with RPW, in Spain, it should be indicated that:
.
It
has been impossible to eradicate the introduced pest species. It has come it
motivated, on one hand, to the capacity of survival of species to low
temperatures, and on the other hand, the impossibility gives inspection and
control of infested palms, in private gardens; in this area, many residences
exist that belong to foreigners, they happen to it little time in their houses;
for that, it is impossible to contact with the proprietors to be able to
eliminate the infested palms. Everything supposes it that reservoirs exist of
the pest that is good for new infestations.
The
RPW has stabilized its area of distribution in Spain. It has been due, in the
first place, the the performances of the Parks and Gardens Services of the City
councils, that they have carried out an important work of chemical control on
affected palms; a substitution has also taken place of the Canary palm (very
sensitive and attractive host for RPW) for other palm species, mainly
Washingtonia robusta that has been demonstrated resistant. On the other
hand, it has been fundamental the work gives the Crop Protection Services, from
the regional government, with the legal an quarantine measures (prohibition of
production and circulation of vegetable material, palms, in the affected area).
Also, the only native palm (Ch. humilis) that is distributed thoroughly
for the South and East of Spain, that had facilitated the pest expansion, it is
not RPW host.
.
The
chemical control, by means of the external pulverization and insecticide
injections in the trunk, presents a half effectiveness. Completely null in very
infested palms.
.
The
use of biological control, by means of nematodes, presents a very good
perspectives; with high effectiveness under laboratory conditions. The used
species have been the available ones at grade commercial (Heterorhabditis
megidis and H. bacteriophora). The problem is to take the nematodes
to the localization places of RPW larvae inside of trunk.
.
The
pheromone-kairomone composition used have been not effective in the RPW adult
captures.
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